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關于農業農村污染治理攻堅戰,生態環境部和農業農村部如是解讀

時間:2018-11-13     來源:中國環(huan)境(jing)報(bao)

生態環境部、農業農村部日前聯合印發《農業農村污染治理攻堅戰行動計劃》。針對《行動計劃》的背景、意義、主要任務及保障措施等問題,生態環境部、農業農村部的有關負責人共同回答了記者的提問。

——編者

問:《行動計劃》的目標是如何確定的?

答(da):農業農村污(wu)染治(zhi)理(li)量(liang)大(da)面廣,基礎(chu)薄弱,是一項(xiang)長期任務。《行動計劃(hua)》提(ti)(ti)出“一保兩治(zhi)三減四提(ti)(ti)升”的(de)目標(biao)。主要考慮是;

“一(yi)保(bao)(bao)”,即保(bao)(bao)護農(nong)村(cun)(cun)飲用水(shui)水(shui)源,農(nong)村(cun)(cun)飲水(shui)安全更有保(bao)(bao)障;

“二治”,即治理農村生活(huo)垃圾和污水,實現村莊(zhuang)環(huan)境干凈整(zheng)潔有序;

“三(san)減”,即(ji)減少化肥、農藥(yao)使用量和(he)農業(ye)用水總量;

“四提(ti)升”,即提(ti)升主要由農業面源(yuan)污染造成的超標水體水質(zhi)、農業廢(fei)棄物綜合(he)利用率、環(huan)境監管能(neng)力和農村居民參(can)與度。

問:《行動計劃》包括哪些主要任務?

答:《行動(dong)計劃》提出(chu)五方面主要任務:

一(yi)是(shi)加強(qiang)農村(cun)(cun)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)護。縣級及以(yi)上地方人(ren)(ren)民政(zheng)府要結合當地實際情況(kuang),組織有關部門(men)開展(zhan)農村(cun)(cun)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)環境(jing)狀況(kuang)調查(cha)評估(gu)和(he)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)的(de)劃定(ding),2020年底前(qian)完成供水(shui)(shui)人(ren)(ren)口在10000人(ren)(ren)或日(ri)供水(shui)(shui)1000噸以(yi)上的(de)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)調查(cha)評估(gu)和(he)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)劃定(ding)工作。加強(qiang)農村(cun)(cun)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質監測。以(yi)供水(shui)(shui)人(ren)(ren)口在10000人(ren)(ren)或日(ri)供水(shui)(shui)1000噸以(yi)上的(de)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)為(wei)重點,開展(zhan)農村(cun)(cun)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)環境(jing)風險排查(cha)整治(zhi)。

二是加快推(tui)進農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)生活(huo)垃(la)圾(ji)污水(shui)治(zhi)理(li)(li)。加大農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)生活(huo)垃(la)圾(ji)治(zhi)理(li)(li)力度,到2020年,東部地(di)區(qu)(qu)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西部城市近(jin)郊(jiao)區(qu)(qu)等(deng)有基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)、有條(tiao)(tiao)件的(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)(qu),基(ji)(ji)本(ben)實現農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)生活(huo)垃(la)圾(ji)處置體系全覆蓋;中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西部有較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)、基(ji)(ji)本(ben)具(ju)備(bei)條(tiao)(tiao)件的(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)(qu),力爭實現90%左右的(de)(de)村(cun)莊生活(huo)垃(la)圾(ji)得到治(zhi)理(li)(li)。梯次推(tui)進農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)生活(huo)污水(shui)治(zhi)理(li)(li),到2020年,確保(bao)新增完成13萬個建制(zhi)村(cun)的(de)(de)環境(jing)綜(zong)合整治(zhi)任(ren)務(wu);東部地(di)區(qu)(qu)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西部城市近(jin)郊(jiao)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)生活(huo)污水(shui)治(zhi)理(li)(li)率明顯(xian)提高;中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西部有較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)、基(ji)(ji)本(ben)具(ju)備(bei)條(tiao)(tiao)件的(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)(qu),生活(huo)污水(shui)亂(luan)(luan)排亂(luan)(luan)放得到管(guan)控。保(bao)障農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)污染治(zhi)理(li)(li)設施長效運行。

三是著力解決養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業污(wu)(wu)染(ran)。優(you)化調整畜禽養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)布局,引導生豬(zhu)生產(chan)向(xiang)糧食主產(chan)區和環境容量大(da)的地區轉(zhuan)移。加(jia)強畜禽糞(fen)污(wu)(wu)資源化利用,到(dao)(dao)(dao)2020年(nian)(nian),全國(guo)畜禽糞(fen)污(wu)(wu)綜合利用率達到(dao)(dao)(dao)75%以(yi)上(shang)。嚴格畜禽規(gui)模養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境監管。著力提(ti)升規(gui)模養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)場(chang)糞(fen)污(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)(li)設施裝(zhuang)備(bei)(bei)配(pei)套(tao)率,到(dao)(dao)(dao)2019年(nian)(nian),大(da)型規(gui)模養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)場(chang)實現糞(fen)污(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)(li)設施裝(zhuang)備(bei)(bei)全配(pei)套(tao);到(dao)(dao)(dao)2020年(nian)(nian),所有規(gui)模養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)場(chang)糞(fen)污(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)(li)設施裝(zhuang)備(bei)(bei)配(pei)套(tao)率達到(dao)(dao)(dao)95%以(yi)上(shang)。加(jia)強水產(chan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防治和水生生態(tai)保護。

四(si)是有(you)效(xiao)防(fang)控(kong)種植業(ye)(ye)(ye)污染(ran)。持續推進(jin)化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)減量(liang)增(zeng)效(xiao),到(dao)(dao)2020年(nian)(nian),全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)主要(yao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)使(shi)用量(liang)實(shi)現負增(zeng)長,化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)利(li)用率(lv)均達(da)到(dao)(dao)40%以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上,測(ce)土配(pei)方施肥(fei)(fei)技術(shu)覆(fu)蓋率(lv)達(da)到(dao)(dao)90%以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上,全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)主要(yao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物綠色(se)防(fang)控(kong)覆(fu)蓋率(lv)達(da)到(dao)(dao)30%以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上,主要(yao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物病蟲害專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)統(tong)防(fang)統(tong)治覆(fu)蓋率(lv)達(da)到(dao)(dao)40%以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上。整縣推進(jin)秸(jie)稈全(quan)(quan)量(liang)化(hua)綜(zong)合利(li)用,到(dao)(dao)2020年(nian)(nian),全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)秸(jie)稈綜(zong)合利(li)用率(lv)達(da)到(dao)(dao)85%以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上。在重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)用膜地(di)區(qu)(qu),整縣推進(jin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)膜回收利(li)用,到(dao)(dao)2020年(nian)(nian),全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)膜回收率(lv)達(da)到(dao)(dao)80%以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上。發展節(jie)水農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye),到(dao)(dao)2020年(nian)(nian),農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)灌溉用水量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)在3720億立(li)方米以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)內(nei),農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)灌溉水有(you)效(xiao)利(li)用系數達(da)到(dao)(dao)0.55以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上。實(shi)施耕地(di)分類管理。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)耕地(di)重(zhong)(zhong)金屬污染(ran)問(wen)題(ti)突(tu)出區(qu)(qu)域和鉛、鋅(xin)、銅等有(you)色(se)金屬采選及(ji)冶煉(lian)集(ji)中區(qu)(qu)域為重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian),開展涉鎘等重(zhong)(zhong)金屬重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)排(pai)查整治。

五是提升農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監管(guan)(guan)能力。嚴守生態(tai)保護(hu)紅(hong)線(xian),明確和落實生態(tai)保護(hu)紅(hong)線(xian)管(guan)(guan)控要求(qiu)。強化農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村生態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監管(guan)(guan)執法,創新(xin)監管(guan)(guan)手段,及時發(fa)現農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)問題。建立(li)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村生態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)管(guan)(guan)理(li)信息(xi)平臺,構建農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村生態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)監測體系。落實鄉鎮生態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)保護(hu)職責,確保責有人(ren)負、事(shi)有人(ren)干。建立(li)健全肥料、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥使(shi)用(yong)調(diao)查和監測評價體系。

問:我國各地情況差異較大,如何做到因地制宜,既盡力而為,又量力而行?

答:《行(xing)動計劃》明確要求(qiu),開展農業農村(cun)污染治(zhi)(zhi)理要堅持(chi)因地(di)制(zhi)宜(yi)、實事求(qiu)是。各地(di)要根據環(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)量(liang)、自然(ran)條件(jian)、經(jing)濟水平和農民期(qi)盼,科學確定本(ben)地(di)區整(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)目標(biao)任務(wu),既盡力而為,又量(liang)力而行(xing),集(ji)中(zhong)力量(liang)解(jie)決突出環(huan)境(jing)問題(ti)。堅持(chi)從實際出發,采(cai)用適用的治(zhi)(zhi)理技術,注(zhu)重實效,不(bu)(bu)搞(gao)一刀切,不(bu)(bu)搞(gao)形式(shi)主(zhu)義。

為(wei)指導(dao)各地(di)(di)科學確(que)定目(mu)標任務,《方案(an)》明(ming)確(que)了分區(qu)域的目(mu)標要求(qiu):例如,到(dao)2020年,東部(bu)地(di)(di)區(qu)、中西(xi)部(bu)城市近(jin)郊區(qu)等有基礎(chu)、有條件的地(di)(di)區(qu),基本實現農(nong)村(cun)(cun)生(sheng)活垃圾處置體系(xi)全(quan)覆蓋,農(nong)村(cun)(cun)生(sheng)活污(wu)水治理率明(ming)顯(xian)提高;中西(xi)部(bu)有較好基礎(chu)、基本具備條件的地(di)(di)區(qu),力爭實現90%左(zuo)右的村(cun)(cun)莊生(sheng)活垃圾得(de)到(dao)治理,生(sheng)活污(wu)水亂排亂放得(de)到(dao)管控。

問:如何確保《行動計劃》提出的目標任務得到有效落實?

答(da):為確保完成農業農村污(wu)染治理(li)的目(mu)標任務,《行(xing)動計劃》明確了六(liu)項(xiang)保障措(cuo)施:

一是加強組織領導。完(wan)善(shan)中央(yang)統籌、省(sheng)負(fu)總責(ze)、市縣落實的工作推進機制。中央(yang)有(you)關部門要密切協作配(pei)合,形(xing)成“一崗(gang)雙責(ze)”、齊抓共管(guan)的工作格局。省(sheng)級人(ren)民政(zheng)府對(dui)本地(di)區(qu)農(nong)村(cun)生(sheng)態環境質量負(fu)責(ze),加快治理本地(di)區(qu)農(nong)業農(nong)村(cun)突(tu)出環境問題。

二是(shi)完善經(jing)濟政策。深入(ru)推(tui)進農(nong)(nong)業水價綜合改革。鼓勵(li)有條(tiao)件的(de)地(di)區探索(suo)建立(li)污水垃圾處理(li)農(nong)(nong)戶繳費制度。研究建立(li)農(nong)(nong)民(min)施用有機肥市場激勵(li)機制。落實畜禽規(gui)模養殖場糞污資(zi)源化利(li)用和秸稈(gan)等(deng)農(nong)(nong)業廢棄(qi)物資(zi)源化利(li)用電價優惠政策。

三是加強(qiang)村民自治(zhi)。將農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)村環境保(bao)護(hu)納入(ru)村規民約,建立農(nong)(nong)民參與(yu)生活垃圾分類(lei)、農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)廢(fei)棄物資源化(hua)利用(yong)的直接(jie)受益機(ji)制。引導農(nong)(nong)民保(bao)護(hu)自然(ran)環境,科學使用(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥、肥料、農(nong)(nong)膜等農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)投(tou)入(ru)品,合理處置畜禽(qin)糞污等農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)廢(fei)棄物。

四是培育(yu)市場主體(ti)。培育(yu)各種形(xing)式的農(nong)(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)(nong)村環(huan)境治(zhi)(zhi)理市場主體(ti),采取城(cheng)鄉統(tong)籌、整縣打包、建運一體(ti)等多(duo)種方式,吸引第三方治(zhi)(zhi)理企業、農(nong)(nong)(nong)民專(zhuan)業合(he)作社等參與農(nong)(nong)(nong)村生(sheng)活垃圾、污水治(zhi)(zhi)理和農(nong)(nong)(nong)業面源污染治(zhi)(zhi)理。推動(dong)建立農(nong)(nong)(nong)村有機廢棄物收集(ji)、轉化、利用網絡體(ti)系,探索建立規模(mo)化、專(zhuan)業化、社會化運營管理機制(zhi)。

五(wu)是加大投(tou)入(ru)力(li)度(du)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)地方(fang)(fang)為主、中央適當補助的政府投(tou)入(ru)體系(xi)。地方(fang)(fang)各級政府要統籌整合環保、城鄉建(jian)(jian)(jian)設、農(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)村(cun)等資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin),加大投(tou)入(ru)力(li)度(du),建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)穩(wen)定的農(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)村(cun)污染治(zhi)理經費渠(qu)道。深化“以(yi)獎促治(zhi)”政策,合理保障農(nong)(nong)村(cun)環境整治(zhi)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)投(tou)入(ru)。采取(qu)以(yi)獎代補、先建(jian)(jian)(jian)后補、以(yi)工代賑(zhen)等多種方(fang)(fang)式,充分發(fa)揮政府投(tou)資(zi)(zi)撬動作用,提高(gao)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)使用效率。

六(liu)是強化(hua)監督(du)工(gong)作(zuo)。各省(區(qu)、市)要(yao)以(yi)本地區(qu)實(shi)施(shi)方案為依(yi)據,制定(ding)驗收標準和(he)辦(ban)法,以(yi)縣(xian)為單(dan)位進(jin)行(xing)驗收。將(jiang)農業(ye)農村污(wu)染(ran)治(zhi)理工(gong)作(zuo)納入本省(區(qu)、市)污(wu)染(ran)防治(zhi)攻堅(jian)戰的考核范(fan)圍,作(zuo)為本省(區(qu)、市)黨委和(he)政府目標責任考核、市縣(xian)干部政績考核的重要(yao)內容。將(jiang)農業(ye)農村污(wu)染(ran)治(zhi)理突出問題(ti)納入中(zhong)央生(sheng)態(tai)環保(bao)督(du)察范(fan)疇,對污(wu)染(ran)問題(ti)嚴重、治(zhi)理工(gong)作(zuo)推進(jin)不力的地區(qu)進(jin)行(xing)嚴肅問責。