近年來,隨(sui)著越來越多的(de)年輕人從農(nong)(nong)村(cun)搬(ban)到了城市,農(nong)(nong)村(cun)老(lao)齡(ling)化和(he)空心化問題愈(yu)發(fa)嚴重(zhong)(zhong),農(nong)(nong)村(cun)田地拋荒問題也隨(sui)之凸顯。如何切實解(jie)決農(nong)(nong)村(cun)田地拋荒問題成為當前“三(san)農(nong)(nong)”發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要任務之一(yi)。
日前(qian),農業農村部(bu)政策與改革司就關于切實解(jie)決農村田地(di)拋荒的建(jian)議做(zuo)出(chu)了答復。
將土壤改良納入建設當中
2014年起(qi),通過(guo)中央財政農業資源及生態保護專項補助資金,實施(shi)耕地保護與質量提升項目,主要開展耕地土(tu)壤改良(liang)培(pei)肥、土(tu)壤退化(hua)治理(li)等工作。
2015年,農(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)村部印發《耕(geng)地質量保護與提升行(xing)動方案》,集成推(tui)廣土壤改(gai)良、地力培肥(fei)、治理修復和化肥(fei)減(jian)量增(zeng)(zeng)效(xiao)(xiao)技術(shu)模式,引導農(nong)(nong)民應用高效(xiao)(xiao)、新型肥(fei)料,依托(tuo)新型農(nong)(nong)業經營主(zhu)體和社(she)會化服務(wu)組織開展化肥(fei)減(jian)量增(zeng)(zeng)效(xiao)(xiao)服務(wu)。
2018年,針對南方土壤酸化、北方土壤鹽漬化及(ji)設施蔬(shu)菜土壤連作(zuo)障礙等突出(chu)問題,開展(zhan)耕地質量保護提升(sheng)技術(shu)示范。
2017—2019年(nian),中央財(cai)政每年(nian)通過農(nong)業生產發展資(zi)(zi)金專項(xiang),安排耕(geng)地(di)地(di)力(li)保(bao)護補貼資(zi)(zi)金,鼓勵各(ge)地(di)創新方式方法(fa),以綠色生態(tai)為導向引(yin)導農(nong)民綜合采(cai)取秸(jie)稈還(huan)田、深(shen)松整地(di)等措(cuo)施(shi),切實加強農(nong)業生態(tai)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)保(bao)護,自覺提升耕(geng)地(di)地(di)力(li)。
合理穩定農作物市場價格
2004年以(yi)來,在(zai)全(quan)面(mian)放開農(nong)(nong)產品市場和(he)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)基礎(chu)上,國家建(jian)立了以(yi)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)支持(chi)、農(nong)(nong)業補貼、進(jin)出口調節、儲備調控(kong)為主要內容的(de)農(nong)(nong)產品市場和(he)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)調控(kong)體系(xi),保(bao)(bao)護農(nong)(nong)民利(li)益和(he)種植積(ji)極性,保(bao)(bao)障市場供應(ying)和(he)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)基本(ben)穩定。
特別是對(dui)(dui)稻谷、小(xiao)麥(mai)兩個重點(dian)口糧(liang)品(pin)種實行最(zui)低收購價政策,并始終在每年(nian)作(zuo)物播種前向(xiang)社會公布(bu),保(bao)(bao)護農民種糧(liang)積極性,促進糧(liang)食(shi)(shi)生產(chan)穩定發展(zhan),對(dui)(dui)保(bao)(bao)障國家糧(liang)食(shi)(shi)安全(quan)、穩定價格總(zong)水平、引(yin)導結構調(diao)整(zheng)、促進規模(mo)經(jing)營等發揮了重要(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)。
高度重視引導土地經營權有序流轉
《農村土(tu)地承包(bao)法》明確規定,國家保(bao)護承包(bao)方依(yi)法、自愿、有(you)(you)(you)償流轉(zhuan)土(tu)地經(jing)營(ying)權(quan),保(bao)護土(tu)地經(jing)營(ying)權(quan)人(ren)(ren)的合(he)法權(quan)益(yi),任何(he)組織和(he)個人(ren)(ren)不得(de)侵犯;土(tu)地經(jing)營(ying)權(quan)人(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)(you)權(quan)在合(he)同約(yue)定的期限內占有(you)(you)(you)農村土(tu)地,自主(zhu)開(kai)展農業生產經(jing)營(ying)并取得(de)收益(yi)。
2014年,中辦(ban)、國辦(ban)《關于引導(dao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村土地經營(ying)(ying)權(quan)有(you)序流(liu)轉發展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業適度規模經營(ying)(ying)的(de)意見》明確要求(qiu),嚴格規范土地流(liu)轉行為(wei),土地承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)經營(ying)(ying)權(quan)屬于農(nong)(nong)(nong)民家庭(ting),土地是否(fou)流(liu)轉、價格如何(he)確定、形式如何(he)選(xuan)擇,應由(you)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)自主決定,流(liu)轉收益(yi)應歸承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)所(suo)有(you);沒(mei)有(you)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)的(de)書面委托,農(nong)(nong)(nong)村基層組織(zhi)無(wu)權(quan)以任何(he)方式決定流(liu)轉農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)的(de)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)地,更不(bu)能以少數(shu)服(fu)從多數(shu)的(de)名義,將整村整組農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)地集中對外招商(shang)經營(ying)(ying)。
2016年,中辦(ban)、國(guo)辦(ban)《關(guan)于完善農村(cun)土地(di)所有權承包權經營(ying)權分置辦(ban)法的意見》提出,經營(ying)主(zhu)(zhu)體有權使用流轉土地(di)自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)從(cong)事(shi)農業生(sheng)產經營(ying)并獲得相應收(shou)益。
按照中(zhong)央(yang)要(yao)求(qiu),農(nong)(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)(nong)村部著力加強土地(di)經營權流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)管理和服務,著力規范市場(chang)運(yun)行機制(zhi),印(yin)發了《農(nong)(nong)(nong)村土地(di)經營權流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)交(jiao)易市場(chang)運(yun)行規范(試(shi)行)》等文件,積極指導(dao)各(ge)(ge)地(di)健(jian)全(quan)土地(di)經營權流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)市場(chang),引導(dao)土地(di)流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)雙方簽訂(ding)書面流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)合(he)同。近期(qi),中(zhong)央(yang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)辦、農(nong)(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)(nong)村部印(yin)發《關于做好整(zheng)村流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)承包地(di)風(feng)險(xian)防范工作的(de)(de)通(tong)知》,要(yao)求(qiu)各(ge)(ge)地(di)正(zheng)確認識整(zheng)村流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)承包地(di)存(cun)在的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian),整(zheng)村流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)承包地(di)各(ge)(ge)個環節(jie)要(yao)及(ji)時(shi)公示(shi)公開,必(bi)須尊(zun)重(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民意愿,把選擇(ze)權交(jiao)給農(nong)(nong)(nong)民,由農(nong)(nong)(nong)民選擇(ze)而不是代(dai)替農(nong)(nong)(nong)民選擇(ze)。同時(shi),注(zhu)重(zhong)引導(dao)經營主體合(he)理利(li)用土地(di),因(yin)地(di)制(zhi)宜發展特色(se)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業。
通過取消國家各項惠農補貼、收回土地等方式防止拋荒
《農村土(tu)(tu)地(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)法》規定,集體土(tu)(tu)地(di)的(de)發包(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)有權(quan)監督承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)依照承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)合(he)(he)同(tong)約定的(de)用途合(he)(he)理(li)利(li)用和保(bao)護(hu)土(tu)(tu)地(di)。土(tu)(tu)地(di)經(jing)營權(quan)受讓方(fang)(fang)(fang)棄(qi)耕拋荒(huang)連續兩年(nian)以上的(de),承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)可單方(fang)(fang)(fang)解除土(tu)(tu)地(di)經(jing)營權(quan)流轉合(he)(he)同(tong),承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)在合(he)(he)理(li)期限內不解除土(tu)(tu)地(di)經(jing)營權(quan)流轉合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de),發包(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)有權(quan)要求終(zhong)止土(tu)(tu)地(di)經(jing)營權(quan)流轉合(he)(he)同(tong)。
《關于引導農(nong)村土地(di)經(jing)營權有序流(liu)轉(zhuan)發(fa)展農(nong)業適度規模經(jing)營的(de)意(yi)見》提(ti)出,采(cai)取(qu)措(cuo)施(shi)保證流(liu)轉(zhuan)土地(di)用于農(nong)業生產,可(ke)以通過停發(fa)糧食直(zhi)接補貼、良種補貼、農(nong)資綜合補貼等辦法遏制撂荒耕(geng)地(di)的(de)行為。
2016年(nian),經國務院(yuan)同意,財政(zheng)部、農(nong)業(ye)部在全國范圍內推(tui)開農(nong)業(ye)“三項補貼(tie)(tie)”改(gai)革(ge),統一實(shi)施耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)地(di)(di)(di)力保(bao)護(hu)補貼(tie)(tie),明(ming)確(que)(que)補貼(tie)(tie)對象原則上(shang)為(wei)擁有耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)承包權的(de)種地(di)(di)(di)農(nong)民,補貼(tie)(tie)發放要與耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)地(di)(di)(di)力提升掛鉤(gou),對已(yi)(yi)作(zuo)為(wei)畜牧養殖場使用(yong)(yong)的(de)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)、林地(di)(di)(di)、成片糧田轉為(wei)設施農(nong)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)、非農(nong)業(ye)征(占(zhan))用(yong)(yong)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)等(deng)已(yi)(yi)改(gai)變(bian)用(yong)(yong)途的(de)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di),以及長年(nian)拋(pao)荒地(di)(di)(di)、占(zhan)補平衡中(zhong)(zhong)“補”的(de)面(mian)積和(he)(he)質量達不(bu)到(dao)耕(geng)種條件的(de)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)等(deng)不(bu)再給予補貼(tie)(tie)。中(zhong)(zhong)央財政(zheng)將(jiang)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)地(di)(di)(di)力保(bao)護(hu)的(de)補貼(tie)(tie)資金(jin)按(an)照因素法切塊下達到(dao)省,由各(ge)地(di)(di)(di)結合本地(di)(di)(di)實(shi)際,確(que)(que)定具(ju)體補貼(tie)(tie)范圍、補貼(tie)(tie)依據和(he)(he)補貼(tie)(tie)標準。