3月26日(ri),國務院總理李(li)克(ke)強簽署第725號國務院令,公布《農(nong)作物病蟲(chong)害(hai)防治(zhi)條例》,自2020年5月1日(ri)起施行。日(ri)前,司法部(bu)、農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村部(bu)負責人就(jiu)《條例》有關問題回答(da)記者提問。
問:請簡要介紹一下《條例》的出臺背景。
答(da):黨(dang)中央(yang)、國(guo)務(wu)(wu)院高度(du)重視農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)病蟲(chong)害(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治工作(zuo)(zuo)。近年來,隨著氣候變化、耕(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)栽培方式改(gai)變和(he)農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)復(fu)種指數提(ti)高,農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)病蟲(chong)害(hai)呈多(duo)發(fa)、頻發(fa)態勢,重大(da)農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)病蟲(chong)害(hai)時有發(fa)生(sheng),如2019年草地貪(tan)夜(ye)蛾(e)入(ru)侵我國(guo),嚴重危害(hai)玉米等作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu),現行的一些制度(du)規范難以適應防(fang)(fang)(fang)治工作(zuo)(zuo)面臨的新形勢新任務(wu)(wu),亟需通過立法明確(que)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治責任,規范防(fang)(fang)(fang)治規程(cheng)和(he)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治方式,鼓勵(li)專業化、綠色防(fang)(fang)(fang)控,加(jia)強責任追究等,為防(fang)(fang)(fang)治工作(zuo)(zuo)提(ti)供有力的法律保障(zhang)。
問:各級人民政府及其有關部門、農業生產經營者在農作物病蟲害防治工作中主要承擔什么責任?
答:《條例》對各級人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)及(ji)其(qi)有關部(bu)(bu)門(men)、農業生(sheng)產經營者(zhe)的(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)責(ze)任作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)明確(que)規定。一是要求(qiu)縣(xian)級以上人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)加強對農作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)組織(zhi)領導。二是規定縣(xian)級以上人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)農業農村(cun)主管(guan)部(bu)(bu)門(men)負責(ze)農作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)的(de)監督管(guan)理工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),其(qi)他(ta)有關部(bu)(bu)門(men)按照職責(ze)分工做好防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)相關工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。三是要求(qiu)鄉(xiang)鎮人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)協助上級人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)有關部(bu)(bu)門(men)做好防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)相關工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。四是規定農業生(sheng)產經營者(zhe)等有關單位(wei)和個(ge)人(ren)做好生(sheng)產經營范圍內的(de)農作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),及(ji)時(shi)(shi)采取(qu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)止病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)(hai)擴散(san)的(de)措施,病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)(hai)嚴重發生(sheng)或者(zhe)暴發時(shi)(shi)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)報告所(suo)在(zai)地(di)縣(xian)級人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)農業農村(cun)主管(guan)部(bu)(bu)門(men)。
問:《條例》在完善農作物病蟲害監測預報制度方面作了哪些規定?
答:監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)預報(bao)是(shi)做(zuo)好農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)病蟲害(hai)預防(fang)控(kong)制(zhi)的前提(ti)和(he)基礎,《條例》總結(jie)實踐經驗,完善了(le)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)預報(bao)制(zhi)度。一是(shi)加(jia)強監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)網(wang)絡建設(she)(she)管理(li),規定(ding)(ding)省級(ji)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)主(zhu)管部(bu)門(men)(men)負(fu)責編制(zhi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)網(wang)絡建設(she)(she)規劃(hua)并組織實施,縣級(ji)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)主(zhu)管部(bu)門(men)(men)加(jia)強對(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)網(wang)絡的管理(li),任何單位和(he)個人(ren)不得侵占、損毀、拆除、擅自移(yi)動監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)設(she)(she)施設(she)(she)備,或者以(yi)(yi)其他(ta)方式妨(fang)害(hai)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)設(she)(she)施設(she)(she)備正常運行。二(er)是(shi)規范(fan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)內容,主(zhu)要監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)病蟲害(hai)發生種(zhong)類、時間、范(fan)圍、程度等,并規定(ding)(ding)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)技(ji)術規范(fan)由省級(ji)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)主(zhu)管部(bu)門(men)(men)制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)。三是(shi)規范(fan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)信(xin)息(xi)報(bao)告及預報(bao)發布(bu)(bu),規定(ding)(ding)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)信(xin)息(xi)應當及時上(shang)(shang)報(bao),預報(bao)由縣級(ji)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)主(zhu)管部(bu)門(men)(men)發布(bu)(bu)。
問:《條例》在完善農作物病蟲害預防控制制度方面作了哪些規定?
答:《條(tiao)例》細化了農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害預防(fang)(fang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)各(ge)項措施。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)規定縣級以(yi)上人民(min)(min)政(zheng)府(fu)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)主(zhu)管(guan)部(bu)門(men)應當(dang)制(zhi)(zhi)定農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害預防(fang)(fang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)案,組織開展農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害抗(kang)藥性(xing)監測評估(gu),為農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產經營者(zhe)提(ti)供技術培訓(xun)、指導(dao)、服務。二是(shi)(shi)實行分類(lei)防(fang)(fang)控(kong),按照農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害特點和(he)危害程(cheng)度將農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害分為三類(lei),明確一(yi)類(lei)農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害嚴重發(fa)(fa)生時(shi),國務院農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)主(zhu)管(guan)部(bu)門(men)應當(dang)對控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)進(jin)(jin)行綜合協(xie)調、指導(dao);二類(lei)、三類(lei)農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害嚴重發(fa)(fa)生時(shi),省、自(zi)治區、直(zhi)轄市人民(min)(min)政(zheng)府(fu)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)主(zhu)管(guan)部(bu)門(men)應當(dang)對控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)進(jin)(jin)行綜合協(xie)調、指導(dao)。三是(shi)(shi)規范災情(qing)信息發(fa)(fa)布,規定農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害災情(qing)信息由縣級以(yi)上人民(min)(min)政(zheng)府(fu)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)主(zhu)管(guan)部(bu)門(men)商(shang)同級人民(min)(min)政(zheng)府(fu)應急管(guan)理部(bu)門(men)發(fa)(fa)布。
問:《條例》對農作物病蟲害應急處置有哪些要求?
答(da):農(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)暴發(fa)時,應(ying)(ying)(ying)當采取應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)處置(zhi)措施。《條例(li)》主要規定(ding)了以(yi)(yi)下(xia)方(fang)面:一(yi)是明確應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)預案(an)的制定(ding)職責(ze),規定(ding)國務(wu)院農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村主管部(bu)門(men)應(ying)(ying)(ying)當建(jian)立應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)響應(ying)(ying)(ying)和處置(zhi)機制,制定(ding)應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)預案(an)。縣級(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)上地方(fang)人民政府(fu)及其(qi)有(you)關(guan)部(bu)門(men)應(ying)(ying)(ying)當制定(ding)應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)預案(an),開展應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)業(ye)務(wu)培訓和演練(lian),儲(chu)備必要的應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物資(zi)。二是規定(ding)農(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)暴發(fa)時,縣級(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)上地方(fang)人民政府(fu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)當立即啟動(dong)(dong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)響應(ying)(ying)(ying),采取劃(hua)定(ding)應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)處置(zhi)范(fan)圍(wei)和面積、組織(zhi)調集應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)處置(zhi)隊(dui)伍、啟動(dong)(dong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)備用物資(zi)、組織(zhi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)處置(zhi)行動(dong)(dong)等措施。三是明確相(xiang)關(guan)部(bu)門(men)的配合義(yi)務(wu),規定(ding)縣級(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)上地方(fang)人民政府(fu)公(gong)安(an)、交通、民航、氣象等部(bu)門(men)應(ying)(ying)(ying)當在職責(ze)范(fan)圍(wei)內做好(hao)農(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)處置(zhi)工作(zuo)(zuo)。
問:近年來,專業化病蟲害防治服務的市場需求越來越大,《條例》從哪些方面對其加強規范管理?
答:隨著農(nong)(nong)村勞動(dong)力轉移和農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)適度規(gui)模經營發展,專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化病(bing)蟲(chong)害防治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)性(xing)日(ri)益凸顯,因此,《條例》設(she)專(zhuan)章(zhang)對其進行規(gui)范(fan)(fan)管理(li)。主要(yao)規(gui)定了(le)以(yi)下(xia)方(fang)面:一是規(gui)定國家(jia)通過政府(fu)購買服(fu)務(wu)(wu)等方(fang)式(shi)鼓(gu)勵和扶持(chi)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化病(bing)蟲(chong)害防治(zhi)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)組(zu)織(zhi),縣級以(yi)上(shang)人民政府(fu)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)村主管部門應(ying)當為其提(ti)供技(ji)術培(pei)訓、指導、服(fu)務(wu)(wu)。二是考慮到防治(zhi)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)性(xing)、技(ji)術性(xing),《條例》規(gui)定專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化病(bing)蟲(chong)害防治(zhi)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)組(zu)織(zhi)應(ying)當具備(bei)相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術人員、設(she)施(shi)(shi)設(she)備(bei)以(yi)及(ji)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)制度。田間(jian)(jian)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人員應(ying)當能夠正確(que)識(shi)別(bie)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)區域的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)病(bing)蟲(chong)害,正確(que)掌(zhang)握農(nong)(nong)藥適用范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)、施(shi)(shi)用方(fang)法、安全(quan)(quan)(quan)間(jian)(jian)隔(ge)期等專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)知識(shi)以(yi)及(ji)田間(jian)(jian)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)防護(hu)知識(shi),正確(que)使(shi)用施(shi)(shi)藥機械(xie)以(yi)及(ji)防治(zhi)相關用品。三是為保障防治(zhi)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)、規(gui)范(fan)(fan),《條例》規(gui)定專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化病(bing)蟲(chong)害防治(zhi)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)組(zu)織(zhi)應(ying)當遵守國家(jia)有關農(nong)(nong)藥安全(quan)(quan)(quan)合理(li)使(shi)用制度,建立(li)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)檔案,為田間(jian)(jian)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人員配(pei)備(bei)必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)防護(hu)用品。
問:《條例》為什么強調堅持“綠色防控”?
答(da):落(luo)實黨(dang)的十(shi)九大報告關于推進綠(lv)色(se)(se)發展的要求,為加快轉(zhuan)變農業發展方式(shi),提(ti)高農業資源利用(yong)(yong)和生態環境(jing)保(bao)護水平,農作物病蟲害(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)治必須注重采用(yong)(yong)綠(lv)色(se)(se)防(fang)(fang)控技術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、走綠(lv)色(se)(se)發展之路。為此,《條例》規(gui)定:國家鼓勵和支(zhi)持(chi)開展農作物病蟲害(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)治科技創新、成果(guo)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和依法推廣應用(yong)(yong),普及應用(yong)(yong)信息技術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、生物技術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),推進農作物病蟲害(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)治的智(zhi)能化(hua)(hua)(hua)、專業化(hua)(hua)(hua)、綠(lv)色(se)(se)化(hua)(hua)(hua);鼓勵和支(zhi)持(chi)科研單位、有關院校等(deng)單位和個人研究、依法推廣綠(lv)色(se)(se)防(fang)(fang)控技術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),鼓勵專業化(hua)(hua)(hua)病蟲害(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)治服務組織使用(yong)(yong)綠(lv)色(se)(se)防(fang)(fang)控技術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)等(deng)。