近(jin)日,農(nong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)印發了《全國種植(zhi)業(ye)(ye)結構調整規劃(2016-2020年)》(以下(xia)簡稱《規劃》),對當前和今后一個時期種植(zhi)業(ye)(ye)結構調整進行了具體安排部(bu)署,也是(shi)“十(shi)三(san)五”時期種植(zhi)業(ye)(ye)發展的(de)指導性文件(jian)。種植(zhi)業(ye)(ye)是(shi)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)重要(yao)基礎,糧棉油(you)糖菜是(shi)關系(xi)國計民(min)生的(de)重要(yao)產品(pin)。記者就如何落實《規劃》要(yao)求,專訪(fang)了農(nong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)種植(zhi)業(ye)(ye)管理司(si)司(si)長曾衍德。
為什么要調?
問:我國糧食產量連續五年超(chao)過5.5億噸,連續三年超(chao)過6億噸,果菜茶等園藝作物(wu)穩定發展,棉油糖等工業(ye)原(yuan)料作物(wu)單產水平進(jin)一步提(ti)高。在這樣的背景下,為何要進(jin)行種植業(ye)結(jie)構(gou)調整(zheng)?
答:近(jin)年來,國(guo)家出(chu)臺了(le)一系列強農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)惠(hui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)富農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)政策,有力(li)促(cu)進了(le)糧食(shi)和種(zhong)植業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)持續穩定發(fa)(fa)展,取得巨大(da)成(cheng)就(jiu)。但當前,我國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展環境正(zheng)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)深刻變(bian)化,老問題(ti)不(bu)斷(duan)積累、新矛盾不(bu)斷(duan)涌現,也面臨不(bu)少困難和挑戰。一是品(pin)種(zhong)結構不(bu)平衡。小麥、稻谷口糧品(pin)種(zhong)供(gong)求平衡,玉米出(chu)現階段性(xing)供(gong)大(da)于求,大(da)豆供(gong)求缺口逐年擴大(da)。棉花(hua)、油料、糖料等(deng)進口大(da)幅增(zeng)加(jia)。優質(zhi)飼草(cao)短缺,進口逐年增(zeng)加(jia)。二(er)是資源環境約束的壓力(li)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)大(da)。耕地、水(shui)資源對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產的“硬約束”加(jia)劇,靠拼資源消(xiao)耗、拼物質(zhi)要(yao)素投入(ru)的粗放發(fa)(fa)展方(fang)式難以為繼(ji)。三是消(xiao)費(fei)結構升級的要(yao)求越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)高(gao)。消(xiao)費(fei)者對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)的需(xu)求由吃得飽轉向吃得好、吃得安(an)全、吃得健(jian)康,進入(ru)消(xiao)費(fei)主(zhu)導(dao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展轉型的新階段。四(si)是產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)(rong)合的程度(du)(du)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)深。現代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈條不(bu)斷(duan)延伸,需(xu)要(yao)開發(fa)(fa)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)多(duo)種(zhong)功能和多(duo)重(zhong)價值,實現一二(er)三產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)(rong)合發(fa)(fa)展。五(wu)是國(guo)內外市場聯動(dong)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)緊。國(guo)內與國(guo)際市場深度(du)(du)融(rong)(rong)合,國(guo)內農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)競(jing)爭(zheng)優勢不(bu)足,進口壓力(li)加(jia)大(da)。此外,受全球氣候變(bian)暖影響,極端天氣頻發(fa)(fa)重(zhong)發(fa)(fa),病蟲害加(jia)重(zhong)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng),對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產安(an)全帶(dai)來威(wei)脅。
新(xin)(xin)形勢下,我(wo)國(guo)(guo)農業(ye)(ye)的(de)主要(yao)矛盾已由(you)總量(liang)不足轉(zhuan)變為(wei)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)性矛盾,推(tui)(tui)進(jin)農業(ye)(ye)供(gong)給(gei)側(ce)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)性改革(ge)(ge),加快轉(zhuan)變農業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展方式,是(shi)當前(qian)和(he)今后一(yi)(yi)(yi)個時(shi)期農業(ye)(ye)農村經濟的(de)重要(yao)任務(wu)。這些重大(da)部署和(he)要(yao)求,給(gei)種(zhong)(zhong)植業(ye)(ye)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)調整帶來(lai)難得(de)的(de)機遇(yu)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)有(you)發(fa)展新(xin)(xin)理念的(de)引領。“創新(xin)(xin)、協調、綠色、開放(fang)、共享”五(wu)大(da)發(fa)展新(xin)(xin)理念,為(wei)調整優化種(zhong)(zhong)植結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)提(ti)供(gong)了基本的(de)遵循。二是(shi)有(you)巨大(da)市(shi)場(chang)消(xiao)(xiao)費的(de)拉(la)動。消(xiao)(xiao)費需求持續增長、消(xiao)(xiao)費結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)加快升級、消(xiao)(xiao)費拉(la)動經濟作用(yong)明顯增強(qiang),蘊(yun)藏(zang)著巨大(da)的(de)市(shi)場(chang)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)。三是(shi)有(you)科(ke)技創新(xin)(xin)加速(su)的(de)支撐。新(xin)(xin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)輪科(ke)技革(ge)(ge)命和(he)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)變革(ge)(ge)正蓄勢待發(fa),新(xin)(xin)技術不斷涌現,內在動力持續增強(qiang)。四是(shi)有(you)農村改革(ge)(ge)的(de)深入推(tui)(tui)進(jin)。農村集體產(chan)權制度改革(ge)(ge)、農產(chan)品價(jia)格和(he)收儲制度改革(ge)(ge)等(deng),將(jiang)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步釋放(fang)改革(ge)(ge)紅利。五(wu)是(shi)有(you)國(guo)(guo)際國(guo)(guo)內的(de)深度融合。“一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶一(yi)(yi)(yi)路”戰略(lve)的(de)加快實施,為(wei)統(tong)籌兩個市(shi)場(chang)、兩種(zhong)(zhong)資(zi)源拓展了空(kong)間(jian)(jian)。
面對新形勢、應對新挑(tiao)戰(zhan),必須主動(dong)作為、順勢而(er)為,加(jia)快轉變農業發展方(fang)式,推進(jin)種植業結(jie)構調整,提(ti)升(sheng)質量效益和競爭力,才能更好地保障國(guo)家糧(liang)食安全,促(cu)進(jin)種植業可持續發展。
有什么不同?
問:此次發布的《全國(guo)種植業結構(gou)調(diao)整(zheng)規劃(hua)(2016-2020年)》有(you)哪些突出特點?
答:《規(gui)劃》為當前和(he)今后一(yi)個時期指導(dao)各(ge)地結構調整(zheng)設計(ji)了路線、勾畫了藍圖(tu),具有(you)4個鮮明的(de)特(te)點。
一(yi)是(shi)保持連續(xu)性。上(shang)一(yi)次編制印發種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)業(ye)結(jie)構(gou)調(diao)整(zheng)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)是(shi)在(zai)1999年(nian)。當時(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)部編制了(le)《種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)業(ye)生產(chan)結(jie)構(gou)調(diao)整(zheng)“十(shi)(shi)五(wu)”計劃(hua)和(he)(he)2015年(nian)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)》,著(zhu)(zhu)眼于(yu)中短(duan)期和(he)(he)中長期發展(zhan),提出(chu)了(le)“十(shi)(shi)五(wu)”時(shi)(shi)期和(he)(he)未來15年(nian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)業(ye)結(jie)構(gou)調(diao)整(zheng)的戰略目標(biao)和(he)(he)基本思路。之后,分別于(yu)2003-2007年(nian)、2008-2015年(nian),先(xian)后實施了(le)兩輪糧(liang)棉油糖等(deng)優(you)勢農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品區域布局規(gui)(gui)劃(hua),主要是(shi)根據(ju)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品供(gong)求形勢和(he)(he)區位(wei)發展(zhan)優(you)勢,突出(chu)分品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的區域布局和(he)(he)產(chan)業(ye)帶建設(she)。時(shi)(shi)隔17年(nian),又編制《全國種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)業(ye)結(jie)構(gou)調(diao)整(zheng)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(2016-2020年(nian))》,這個規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)的規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)期是(shi)著(zhu)(zhu)眼于(yu)“十(shi)(shi)三五(wu)”,時(shi)(shi)間(jian)上(shang)與上(shang)一(yi)輪種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)業(ye)結(jie)構(gou)調(diao)整(zheng)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)和(he)(he)糧(liang)棉油糖等(deng)主要農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品優(you)勢區域布局規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)作了(le)很好的銜接,保持了(le)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)業(ye)發展(zhan)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)設(she)計上(shang)的連續(xu)性。
二是突出針對性。現(xian)階(jie)段農產(chan)品供(gong)求矛(mao)盾主要(yao)表現(xian)為階(jie)段性供(gong)過于求與供(gong)給不足(zu)并存。一些供(gong)給沒有(you)(you)很好(hao)(hao)的(de)適(shi)應(ying)需(xu)求變(bian)化,大(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)缺口很大(da)(da),而玉米增(zeng)產(chan)超過了需(xu)求增(zeng)長(chang),牛奶難以滿足(zu)消費(fei)者對質量(liang)、信譽保障的(de)要(yao)求。可以講,這一輪種植(zhi)結構調整(zheng)規劃有(you)(you)保有(you)(you)壓(ya),有(you)(you)取有(you)(you)舍,穩定水稻小(xiao)麥等口糧(liang)品種,調減庫(ku)存壓(ya)力大(da)(da)的(de)玉米,發展市場需(xu)求的(de)大(da)(da)豆(dou)(dou)、雜(za)(za)糧(liang)雜(za)(za)豆(dou)(dou)、馬鈴薯、優質飼草等產(chan)品。不僅(jin)是在農產(chan)品數量(liang)上(shang)作努力,更是在改善結構、提高質量(liang)效(xiao)益上(shang)下功夫,加法減法一起做,打好(hao)(hao)結構調整(zheng)的(de)“組合拳”。
三是注(zhu)重(zhong)引(yin)領(ling)性。《規劃》強(qiang)化兩個(ge)引(yin)領(ling),一個(ge)是綠色發展理念的引(yin)領(ling)。堅持生(sheng)(sheng)態保(bao)護優(you)先,著力構建生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、生(sheng)(sheng)活、生(sheng)(sheng)態“三生(sheng)(sheng)共贏(ying)”的種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)業發展格局。另一個(ge)是技術路(lu)徑的引(yin)領(ling)。在品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)結構上,對(dui)糧、棉、油、糖、菜(cai)、飼(si)6類(lei)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)分別提出結構調整的方向和重(zhong)點(dian),糧食又細(xi)化為水稻、小麥、玉(yu)米、大豆、薯類(lei)雜糧。在區(qu)(qu)域布局上,明確了東北地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)、黃淮海地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)、長江中(zhong)下游地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)、華南(nan)(nan)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)、西南(nan)(nan)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)、西北地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)6大區(qu)(qu)域糧棉油糖菜(cai)飼(si)的調整重(zhong)點(dian)和方向。
四是堅持整(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)性。立(li)足我國(guo)國(guo)情、農(nong)情和(he)糧(liang)(liang)情,在(zai)(zai)作(zuo)物結構(gou)(gou)(gou)上(shang),構(gou)(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)糧(liang)(liang)經飼(si)三元結構(gou)(gou)(gou),首次(ci)把(ba)飼(si)草納入種植業(ye)結構(gou)(gou)(gou)調整(zheng)(zheng)統(tong)籌考慮。在(zai)(zai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種結構(gou)(gou)(gou)上(shang),提出(chu)發(fa)展優(you)質農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、專用農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)和(he)特(te)色(se)農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin),滿足市場(chang)多(duo)元化(hua)需求。在(zai)(zai)區(qu)域布局上(shang),確定不同區(qu)域的發(fa)展方(fang)向和(he)重點,分(fen)類施策、分(fen)區(qu)推(tui)進,提升主產(chan)區(qu)、建(jian)(jian)立(li)功能(neng)區(qu)和(he)保護區(qu)。在(zai)(zai)產(chan)業(ye)融(rong)合上(shang),推(tui)進農(nong)牧結合,發(fa)展農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)加工業(ye),拓展農(nong)業(ye)多(duo)功能(neng),促進一(yi)二三產(chan)業(ye)融(rong)合發(fa)展。
任務是什么?
問:此次種(zhong)植業結構(gou)調整遵循哪些思路和原則,確(que)定(ding)了什么樣的目標(biao)和任務?
答:此次種(zhong)(zhong)植業結構調(diao)整的(de)總體思路是,以發展新理(li)念(nian)為統領,實施新形勢下國家(jia)糧(liang)食安全戰(zhan)略和(he)藏(zang)糧(liang)于地、藏(zang)糧(liang)于技戰(zhan)略,堅持市場導(dao)向、科(ke)技支(zhi)撐、生態優(you)先,轉變發展方式,加(jia)快轉型升級,鞏(gong)固提升糧(liang)食產能,推進種(zhong)(zhong)植業結構調(diao)整,優(you)化(hua)品種(zhong)(zhong)結構和(he)區域(yu)布局(ju),構建(jian)糧(liang)經(jing)飼統籌、農(nong)牧結合(he)、種(zhong)(zhong)養(yang)加(jia)一(yi)(yi)體、一(yi)(yi)二三產業融合(he)發展的(de)格局(ju),走產出高效、產品安全、資源節約、環境友好的(de)農(nong)業現(xian)代化(hua)道(dao)路。
在原則上(shang),做到“六個堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)”。即堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)底(di)線思維、確(que)保(bao)糧(liang)食安全,堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)市(shi)場(chang)導向、推(tui)進(jin)產業融(rong)合,堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)突出重點、做到有保(bao)有壓,堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)創新驅動、注重提(ti)質增效,堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)生態(tai)保(bao)護、促(cu)進(jin)持(chi)(chi)續發展(zhan),堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)著(zhu)眼全球、統籌兩(liang)個市(shi)場(chang)。
在目(mu)標上,實(shi)現“兩(liang)(liang)保(bao)、三穩、兩(liang)(liang)協(xie)(xie)調(diao)”。“兩(liang)(liang)保(bao)”,即(ji)保(bao)口糧、保(bao)谷物,“三穩”,即(ji)穩定(ding)棉花、食用植(zhi)物油、食糖(tang)自給水平,“兩(liang)(liang)協(xie)(xie)調(diao)”,即(ji)蔬菜生產與(yu)需求協(xie)(xie)調(diao)發(fa)展,飼草生產與(yu)畜牧養殖協(xie)(xie)調(diao)發(fa)展。
在任(ren)務上,重(zhong)點是(shi)(shi)“四個構(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)”。一是(shi)(shi)構(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)糧經飼協調(diao)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)物(wu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)。適應農(nong)業發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)新趨勢(shi),建(jian)(jian)立糧食(shi)作(zuo)物(wu)、經濟作(zuo)物(wu)、飼草作(zuo)物(wu)三元結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)。二是(shi)(shi)構(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)適應市場需求的(de)(de)(de)品種(zhong)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)。優先發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)優質(zhi)稻(dao)米、強筋(jin)弱筋(jin)小麥、“雙低”油(you)菜等(deng)優質(zhi)農(nong)產(chan)品。積極發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)甜(tian)糯玉米、加工型(xing)(xing)早秈(xian)稻(dao)等(deng)專(zhuan)用農(nong)產(chan)品。因(yin)(yin)地(di)(di)制(zhi)宜發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)傳承(cheng)農(nong)耕(geng)文(wen)明、有(you)地(di)(di)理(li)標(biao)志、有(you)區域(yu)特(te)征的(de)(de)(de)特(te)色農(nong)產(chan)品。三是(shi)(shi)構(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)生(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)態(tai)協調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)區域(yu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)。綜合考慮資源承(cheng)載能力、環境容(rong)量(liang)、生(sheng)態(tai)類型(xing)(xing)和發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)基(ji)礎(chu)等(deng)因(yin)(yin)素,確定不同區域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)方(fang)向和重(zhong)點,提升主(zhu)產(chan)區、建(jian)(jian)立功(gong)能區和保護區,構(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)科學合理(li)、專(zhuan)業化的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)格(ge)局。四是(shi)(shi)構(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)用地(di)(di)養(yang)(yang)(yang)地(di)(di)結(jie)(jie)合的(de)(de)(de)耕(geng)作(zuo)制(zhi)度(du)。發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)糧豆輪作(zuo),實現(xian)用地(di)(di)養(yang)(yang)(yang)地(di)(di)結(jie)(jie)合;推廣間(jian)作(zuo)套種(zhong),有(you)效利用光溫資源;改種(zhong)節(jie)水(shui)耐旱作(zuo)物(wu),提高水(shui)資源利用率(lv);開展(zhan)耕(geng)地(di)(di)休(xiu)耕(geng)試點,實現(xian)休(xiu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)生(sheng)息,促進(jin)可(ke)持續發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。
具體怎么調?
問:品種結(jie)構和區域(yu)布局是此次《規劃》的核心內(nei)容。請您介(jie)紹下具體將(jiang)進行哪(na)些(xie)優(you)化調(diao)整?
答:《規(gui)劃》綜合(he)考慮了(le)各地資源(yuan)稟賦、生態條件、產業(ye)基(ji)礎、種(zhong)植效益、市場需求等(deng)因素,提出品種(zhong)結構和區域布局(ju)的調(diao)整重點和方向。
在品(pin)(pin)種結構(gou)調整方面,糧食(shi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)是保口糧、保谷物,口糧重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)水稻和(he)小(xiao)麥(mai)(mai),優化玉米結構(gou),因(yin)地(di)制(zhi)宜發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)食(shi)用大豆、薯類和(he)雜糧雜豆。棉(mian)花(hua)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)是穩(wen)定面積、提高單(dan)產、提升品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)、增(zeng)加(jia)效(xiao)益。油(you)料(liao)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)是兩油(you)為主、多油(you)并舉,重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)油(you)菜和(he)花(hua)生(sheng),因(yin)地(di)制(zhi)宜發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)耐(nai)(nai)旱耐(nai)(nai)鹽堿耐(nai)(nai)瘠薄的油(you)葵、芝麻、胡麻等小(xiao)宗油(you)料(liao)作物。糖(tang)(tang)料(liao)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)是穩(wen)定面積、雙提雙增(zeng),即提高單(dan)產、提高含糖(tang)(tang)率,增(zeng)加(jia)產量、增(zeng)加(jia)效(xiao)益。蔬(shu)菜重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)是穩(wen)定面積、保質(zhi)(zhi)增(zeng)效(xiao)、均衡供(gong)應。飼(si)(si)(si)草作物要以養(yang)帶種、多元發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),根據(ju)養(yang)殖生(sheng)產的布局和(he)規模,重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)青(qing)貯玉米,因(yin)地(di)制(zhi)宜發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)優質(zhi)(zhi)苜蓿、飼(si)(si)(si)用燕(yan)麥(mai)(mai)、黑麥(mai)(mai)草、飼(si)(si)(si)用油(you)菜等優質(zhi)(zhi)飼(si)(si)(si)草飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao),逐步建立(li)糧經飼(si)(si)(si)三元結構(gou)。
從區(qu)(qu)域布局調整方面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。東北(bei)地(di)區(qu)(qu)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)“穩(wen)(wen)、減(jian)(jian)(jian)、擴(kuo)(kuo)、建”四(si)字(zi)要領,即穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)水稻(dao)、調減(jian)(jian)(jian)非(fei)優(you)勢區(qu)(qu)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)、擴(kuo)(kuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大豆(dou)雜糧(liang)薯(shu)類和(he)飼(si)草(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu),構建合理輪作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)制度。黃淮(huai)海地(di)區(qu)(qu)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)穩(wen)(wen)字(zi)為重(zhong)(zhong),壓(ya)保并進(jin),糧(liang)經(jing)飼(si)統籌(chou),穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)小麥、蔬菜(cai)(cai)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji),適度調減(jian)(jian)(jian)華北(bei)地(di)下水嚴重(zhong)(zhong)超采區(qu)(qu)小麥、改(gai)(gai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耐旱耐鹽堿的(de)棉(mian)(mian)花(hua)、油葵和(he)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu),適當調減(jian)(jian)(jian)低產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)夏(xia)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)、擴(kuo)(kuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)花(hua)生(sheng)、大豆(dou)和(he)飼(si)草(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)。長江中下游地(di)區(qu)(qu)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)“兩(liang)穩(wen)(wen)一提”,即穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)雙季稻(dao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)、穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)油菜(cai)(cai)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji),發(fa)展(zhan)優(you)質(zhi)弱筋小麥和(he)雙低油菜(cai)(cai),提升品質(zhi)。開發(fa)利用沿海沿江環湖鹽堿灘涂資源種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)棉(mian)(mian)花(hua),開發(fa)冬閑田擴(kuo)(kuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)飼(si)草(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)。華南(nan)地(di)區(qu)(qu)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)“兩(liang)穩(wen)(wen)一擴(kuo)(kuo)”,即穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)水稻(dao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)、穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)糖料面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji),擴(kuo)(kuo)大冬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)。西(xi)(xi)南(nan)地(di)區(qu)(qu)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)穩(wen)(wen)糧(liang)擴(kuo)(kuo)經(jing)、增飼(si)促牧,間(jian)(jian)套復(fu)(fu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、增產(chan)(chan)(chan)增收。穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)水稻(dao)、小麥和(he)藏區(qu)(qu)青(qing)稞,擴(kuo)(kuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)和(he)雜糧(liang)雜豆(dou),擴(kuo)(kuo)大優(you)質(zhi)油菜(cai)(cai)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan),調減(jian)(jian)(jian)云貴高原(yuan)非(fei)優(you)勢區(qu)(qu)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi),改(gai)(gai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)優(you)質(zhi)飼(si)草(cao),推廣間(jian)(jian)套作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)生(sheng)態型復(fu)(fu)合種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),提高土地(di)產(chan)(chan)(chan)出率,促進(jin)增產(chan)(chan)(chan)增收。西(xi)(xi)北(bei)地(di)區(qu)(qu)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)穩(wen)(wen)夏(xia)優(you)秋、穩(wen)(wen)棉(mian)(mian)保供(gong)、特(te)色增效(xiao)。穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)小麥等(deng)夏(xia)熟作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu),積(ji)(ji)極發(fa)展(zhan)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)、春(chun)小麥、雜糧(liang)雜豆(dou),因地(di)制宜發(fa)展(zhan)青(qing)貯玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)、苜(mu)蓿(xu)等(deng)飼(si)草(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)。穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)棉(mian)(mian)花(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),發(fa)展(zhan)特(te)色小宗糧(liang)油作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)。加強玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)、蔬菜(cai)(cai)、馬(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)、苜(mu)蓿(xu)等(deng)制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基地(di)建設。
政策有哪些?
問:種植業(ye)結(jie)構調整(zheng)是(shi)一項(xiang)系統(tong)工程,請問將如(ru)何加強頂層設(she)計,調動(dong)地(di)方政府和農民(min)群眾的(de)積極性(xing)?
答:種(zhong)植業結(jie)構調(diao)整涉及(ji)多(duo)方面(mian)利益,調(diao)整結(jie)構既需(xu)要(yao)加(jia)強政(zheng)府引導和行政(zheng)推動,也離不(bu)開(kai)政(zheng)策扶持和項(xiang)目支(zhi)撐。
一是完(wan)善農產(chan)(chan)品價(jia)格政策。統(tong)籌考慮水(shui)稻、小麥、玉(yu)米、大豆、油(you)料、棉花等作(zuo)物(wu)的比較效(xiao)益,健全(quan)完(wan)善主要農產(chan)(chan)品價(jia)格形成機制,釋放(fang)價(jia)格信號(hao),引(yin)導農民(min)按照市場需(xu)求調整優化種植結構。
二(er)是實施結(jie)構(gou)調整(zheng)(zheng)補助。今年,在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)央(yang)財力非常(chang)困難的情況下,農業(ye)部(bu)會(hui)同財政(zheng)部(bu)整(zheng)(zheng)合30多億(yi)元資金支持(chi)農業(ye)結(jie)構(gou)調整(zheng)(zheng)。開(kai)展耕地(di)輪作試(shi)點(dian),推廣糧(liang)豆輪作、糧(liang)經輪作、糧(liang)飼輪作等種植模式,促進農業(ye)可(ke)持(chi)續發展。擴大糧(liang)改飼試(shi)點(dian)規模,以養帶種,農牧結(jie)合,促進飼草生(sheng)產(chan)與畜牧養殖(zhi)協調發展。在(zai)(zai)地(di)下水漏斗區(qu)、重金屬(shu)污染區(qu)和生(sheng)態嚴(yan)重退(tui)化(hua)地(di)區(qu)探索開(kai)展耕地(di)休耕試(shi)點(dian)。
三是加強高(gao)(gao)標準(zhun)農田(tian)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)。加大(da)資金(jin)投入,加快建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)集中(zhong)連片(pian)、旱澇保收、穩產高(gao)(gao)產、生(sheng)態友好(hao)的(de)高(gao)(gao)標準(zhun)農田(tian),優先建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)口糧田(tian)。強化(hua)(hua)耕地質量(liang)保護(hu)與提(ti)(ti)升,開展土(tu)壤改良、地力培(pei)肥和養分平(ping)衡(heng),防(fang)止耕地退化(hua)(hua),提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)地力水平(ping)。抓好(hao)東北(bei)黑土(tu)地退化(hua)(hua)區(qu)、南方土(tu)壤酸化(hua)(hua)區(qu)、北(bei)方土(tu)壤鹽漬化(hua)(hua)區(qu)綜合治理,保護(hu)和提(ti)(ti)升耕地質量(liang)。
四是(shi)推(tui)(tui)進農業(ye)科技創(chuang)新(xin)。推(tui)(tui)進種(zhong)業(ye)科技創(chuang)新(xin),加快培育(yu)和(he)(he)(he)推(tui)(tui)廣一批(pi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)產(chan)優質多(duo)抗適宜機收的(de)突破性(xing)新(xin)品(pin)種(zhong),加快主(zhu)要糧食作物新(xin)一輪品(pin)種(zhong)更新(xin)換代。推(tui)(tui)進技術集成(cheng)創(chuang)新(xin),深入開展綠色高(gao)(gao)(gao)產(chan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)效(xiao)創(chuang)建和(he)(he)(he)模(mo)(mo)式攻關,集成(cheng)組裝一批(pi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)產(chan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)效(xiao)、資(zi)源節約、生態環(huan)保(bao)的(de)技術模(mo)(mo)式,示范(fan)帶動均衡增產(chan)和(he)(he)(he)可持續發展。
五是提升農(nong)機(ji)(ji)裝(zhuang)備水(shui)(shui)平。開展(zhan)新型高效(xiao)農(nong)業機(ji)(ji)械研發(fa),推(tui)廣一(yi)批(pi)適宜不(bu)同區域(yu)、不(bu)同作物(wu)、不(bu)同環節的新機(ji)(ji)具。促進(jin)農(nong)機(ji)(ji)農(nong)藝融合,著力解決(jue)水(shui)(shui)稻(dao)機(ji)(ji)插和玉米、油菜、甘蔗、棉花、花生、馬鈴薯等機(ji)(ji)播機(ji)(ji)收突出問題(ti),加大(da)蔬菜、飼草(cao)生產機(ji)(ji)械裝(zhuang)備研發(fa)和示范(fan)應用(yong),推(tui)進(jin)主要農(nong)作物(wu)生產全程機(ji)(ji)械化。
六(liu)是完善金融保(bao)險政策。發(fa)揮(hui)財政投入(ru)(ru)的杠桿作用(yong),通過補貼、貼息等方(fang)式,撬動金融資(zi)本、社會資(zi)本進入(ru)(ru),形成(cheng)多方(fang)投入(ru)(ru)的機制(zhi)。加快建(jian)立農業信貸(dai)擔保(bao)體(ti)系,解決(jue)新型經(jing)營主體(ti)融資(zi)難問題。擴大(da)農業政策性保(bao)險覆蓋面,穩步提(ti)高(gao)保(bao)障水平。探索開(kai)展農產品價格(ge)保(bao)險試(shi)點(dian)。
七是(shi)加大(da)生態保(bao)護(hu)力度。推(tui)進(jin)(jin)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)節水增(zeng)效,推(tui)進(jin)(jin)化肥農(nong)藥減量(liang)增(zeng)效,推(tui)進(jin)(jin)測土配方施(shi)肥和病蟲(chong)害(hai)統防統治,推(tui)進(jin)(jin)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)廢棄(qi)物資(zi)源化利用(yong),打(da)好農(nong)業(ye)(ye)面源污(wu)染攻堅(jian)戰(zhan),實現“一控(kong)兩減三(san)基本(ben)”的(de)目標(biao)。
八是強化農產品市場調控。加強農產品生產、消費、進出口、儲運等環節的監測預警,完善主要農產品儲備調控體系,加強進出口調控,增強國際市場話語權。