在中(zhong)央(yang)農(nong)(nong)村工作會議召(zhao)開前(qian)夕,本報記者就中(zhong)辦(ban)、國辦(ban)前(qian)不久印發的(de)《關于引導農(nong)(nong)村土(tu)(tu)地(di)經營權有序(xu)流轉發展農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)適(shi)度(du)規模經營的(de)意見》中(zhong)相關政策,獨家采訪了農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)部部長韓長賦。他說,《意見》闡述的(de)“三(san)權分置(zhi)”改革是我國土(tu)(tu)地(di)制度(du)改革的(de)重大制度(du)創新(xin)、理論創新(xin)和實踐創新(xin)。領會《意見》精(jing)神,就是準確把(ba)握32個字:“三(san)權分置(zhi),確權登記,有序(xu)流轉,適(shi)度(du)規模,家庭基(ji)礎,農(nong)(nong)民自愿,農(nong)(nong)地(di)農(nong)(nong)用,鼓(gu)勵(li)種(zhong)糧(liang)。”
從“兩權分置”過渡到“三權分置”,是巨大的政策飛躍
韓長賦介紹,三權(quan)分置(zhi),就是要在堅持(chi)農村土地集體所有(you)(you)的前提下,實現土地所有(you)(you)權(quan)、承包權(quan)、經營權(quan)分置(zhi)。
十(shi)一(yi)屆三中全(quan)會以后(hou),我(wo)國(guo)(guo)實(shi)行農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶承包經(jing)(jing)營,土(tu)地集體(ti)所(suo)有權(quan)(quan)(quan)與(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶承包經(jing)(jing)營權(quan)(quan)(quan)實(shi)現(xian)了“兩(liang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分(fen)置(zhi)”,這是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)改(gai)革的(de)重(zhong)大創新(xin)。當前,工業化(hua)、城鎮化(hua)快速(su)發(fa)展(zhan),大量勞動(dong)力離開(kai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun),農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)出現(xian)了分(fen)化(hua),承包農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶不經(jing)(jing)營自己承包地的(de)情況越(yue)來越(yue)多。順應農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)保留土(tu)地承包權(quan)(quan)(quan)、流(liu)轉土(tu)地經(jing)(jing)營權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)意愿,把農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)土(tu)地承包經(jing)(jing)營權(quan)(quan)(quan)分(fen)為承包權(quan)(quan)(quan)和經(jing)(jing)營權(quan)(quan)(quan),實(shi)現(xian)承包權(quan)(quan)(quan)和經(jing)(jing)營權(quan)(quan)(quan)分(fen)置(zhi)并行,這是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)改(gai)革的(de)又一(yi)次重(zhong)大創新(xin)。
韓長賦表示,從“兩(liang)權分(fen)置”過渡到“三權分(fen)置”是巨大的(de)(de)政(zheng)策飛躍。“‘三權分(fen)置’是引導(dao)土地(di)有序流(liu)轉的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)基礎,既可以維(wei)護集體土地(di)所有者(zhe)權益,保(bao)護農(nong)戶的(de)(de)承包權益,又能夠放(fang)活土地(di)經營權,解決(jue)土地(di)要(yao)(yao)素優(you)化配置的(de)(de)問題;既可以適應(ying)二三產(chan)業(ye)快速發展的(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao),讓(rang)農(nong)村勞(lao)動力放(fang)心(xin)轉移就(jiu)業(ye)、放(fang)心(xin)流(liu)轉土地(di),又能夠促進土地(di)規模經營的(de)(de)形成。”
承包地確權登記和有序流轉,是保護農民利益和提高農業效率的制度性安排
確權(quan)登記,就是要(yao)穩(wen)定土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)關系(xi)。韓長賦(fu)說:“只有穩(wen)定土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)關系(xi),農民的土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)經營(ying)權(quan)得到充分保障,他們才(cai)能放心長期流轉土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di),流入(ru)方才(cai)能獲得穩(wen)定的經營(ying)預期。”目前,農戶承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)仍(reng)然存在面積不(bu)(bu)準(zhun)、空間位置不(bu)(bu)明、登記簿不(bu)(bu)健(jian)全(quan)等問題,這使(shi)許多農民心里不(bu)(bu)夠(gou)踏實,總擔心土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)流轉出去自己的權(quan)益無法(fa)保障。解決這一問題,關鍵(jian)是要(yao)搞好承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)確權(quan)登記頒證工作,頒發權(quan)屬證書,強化(hua)物權(quan)保護,為(wei)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)經營(ying)權(quan)流轉奠定堅實的產權(quan)基礎,真正(zheng)讓農民吃上“定心丸(wan)”。
有序流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan),就是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)確保土(tu)地經營權流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)規(gui)范有序進行。《意見》一(yi)方面(mian)強調鼓勵土(tu)地流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan),另(ling)一(yi)方面(mian)強調土(tu)地流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)有序。什么(me)是(shi)(shi)有序?韓長賦表示,就是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)遵循經濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)規(gui)律(lv),不(bu)超越階(jie)段;尊重農民的意愿,不(bu)強迫命令;保護經營者權益,不(bu)隨意毀約;遵守(shou)法制規(gui)范,不(bu)留(liu)隱患漏洞。“我們要(yao)(yao)(yao)順(shun)其自然、因勢利導,不(bu)能人(ren)還沒(mei)有出去,就強行把地給流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)了,那會影響土(tu)地流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)健康(kang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的基(ji)礎(chu)。土(tu)地流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)堅持依法自愿有償、市場配置資源原(yuan)則,政府主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)搞好(hao)管理(li)和(he)服務,嚴禁下指標、定(ding)任務,防止欲速不(bu)達(da)。”
適(shi)度(du)(du)規(gui)(gui)模(mo),就是要(yao)把握好規(gui)(gui)模(mo)經(jing)營的(de)度(du)(du)。發展(zhan)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)經(jing)營勢在必(bi)行(xing),但規(gui)(gui)模(mo)要(yao)適(shi)度(du)(du),要(yao)與農(nong)業勞動力和人(ren)口(kou)流出相適(shi)應,要(yao)兼顧效率與公平(ping)、發展(zhan)與穩定,不能脫離人(ren)多(duo)地(di)少的(de)基本(ben)國情(qing)。到(dao)底多(duo)少算(suan)“適(shi)度(du)(du)”,需要(yao)根據(ju)區(qu)域(yu)特征、土地(di)條件、作物品種(zhong)(zhong)以及經(jing)濟社會發展(zhan)水平(ping)等多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)因素(su)來(lai)確定。各地(di)可依(yi)據(ju)農(nong)村(cun)勞動力轉移情(qing)況、農(nong)業機械(xie)化(hua)水平(ping)和農(nong)業生產條件,研究(jiu)確定本(ben)地(di)區(qu)土地(di)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)經(jing)營的(de)適(shi)宜標準。
確(que)權登記、有序流轉(zhuan),在(zai)依法保護農民利益的同時(shi),激發農村土(tu)地要素活(huo)力,提高農業效(xiao)率。
堅持家庭經營的基礎性地位,土地流轉的前提是農民自愿
家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu),是指要在(zai)穩定家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)上培(pei)育(yu)新型(xing)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)主體(ti)。韓長(chang)賦說:“堅持家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)農(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)產中的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)性地位,是由(you)農(nong)業(ye)自身特性所決定的(de)。家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)現在(zai)是、將來也(ye)(ye)是我(wo)國農(nong)業(ye)最基(ji)本的(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)形式。也(ye)(ye)就是說,我(wo)們在(zai)支(zhi)持各類(lei)農(nong)業(ye)新型(xing)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)主體(ti)發展的(de)同時,不能忘(wang)了仍占大多數的(de)普(pu)通(tong)農(nong)戶。”在(zai)此基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)上,國家(jia)(jia)(jia)鼓勵(li)土地經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權向種田能手流轉(zhuan),大力培(pei)育(yu)家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)農(nong)場、農(nong)民合(he)作社,打造傳統承(cheng)包農(nong)戶的(de)“升級版”,加快構建以農(nong)戶家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)、合(he)作與聯(lian)合(he)為(wei)(wei)紐帶、社會化服(fu)務(wu)為(wei)(wei)支(zhi)撐的(de)立體(ti)式復合(he)型(xing)現代農(nong)業(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)體(ti)系。
農(nong)(nong)民自(zi)愿(yuan),就是要充分尊重(zhong)農(nong)(nong)民意愿(yuan)。農(nong)(nong)民是承(cheng)包(bao)地(di)的主人,搞好土(tu)地(di)流(liu)轉,必須(xu)尊重(zhong)農(nong)(nong)民的主體地(di)位,不能為了追求農(nong)(nong)業規模的快速擴(kuo)大,而侵(qin)害(hai)農(nong)(nong)民權(quan)益(yi)。制定(ding)出臺促(cu)進土(tu)地(di)流(liu)轉和規模經(jing)營發展的政策(ce)(ce)措施,一定(ding)要在(zai)政策(ce)(ce)“引導”上而不是行政“推動”上下功夫。“要切記土(tu)地(di)承(cheng)包(bao)經(jing)營權(quan)屬于農(nong)(nong)民家庭(ting),土(tu)地(di)是否流(liu)轉、價格如何確定(ding)、形(xing)式如何選擇(ze),應當由承(cheng)包(bao)農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)自(zi)主決定(ding),村(cun)級組織和基(ji)層(ceng)政府都不能越俎代庖。”韓(han)長賦表(biao)示。
堅持農地農用的底線,鼓勵種糧保障國家糧食安全
農(nong)(nong)地(di)農(nong)(nong)用,就(jiu)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)堅(jian)守農(nong)(nong)地(di)農(nong)(nong)用的(de)底(di)線(xian)。韓(han)長賦說,耕(geng)地(di)紅(hong)線(xian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)嚴(yan)防死守,必須嚴(yan)格落實耕(geng)地(di)保護責任制。改造傳統(tong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)現(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye),工(gong)商(shang)(shang)資本進(jin)入(ru)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)必要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de),也是(shi)鼓勵和(he)(he)歡迎的(de)。但工(gong)商(shang)(shang)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)進(jin)入(ru)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye),應主要(yao)(yao)(yao)在產(chan)前產(chan)中(zhong)產(chan)后(hou)提供服務和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)適合企業(ye)(ye)(ye)化經(jing)營的(de)現(xian)代(dai)種(zhong)養(yang)業(ye)(ye)(ye),把一(yi)(yi)般種(zhong)養(yang)環節留(liu)給農(nong)(nong)民,與(yu)農(nong)(nong)民形成(cheng)利益共同體,不一(yi)(yi)定(ding)都要(yao)(yao)(yao)大面積直(zhi)接租種(zhong)農(nong)(nong)戶承(cheng)包地(di),尤其不能觸碰土(tu)地(di)“非農(nong)(nong)化”的(de)底(di)線(xian)。“老(lao)(lao)(lao)板下(xia)鄉,應是(shi)帶動老(lao)(lao)(lao)鄉,而不是(shi)代(dai)替老(lao)(lao)(lao)鄉。”韓(han)長賦指出,要(yao)(yao)(yao)加(jia)(jia)強對(dui)工(gong)商(shang)(shang)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)下(xia)鄉租賃農(nong)(nong)戶承(cheng)包地(di)的(de)準入(ru)監管,加(jia)(jia)強土(tu)地(di)流轉(zhuan)用途管制,嚴(yan)禁(jin)借土(tu)地(di)流轉(zhuan)之名搞(gao)“非農(nong)(nong)化”建設。
鼓(gu)勵(li)(li)種(zhong)糧(liang),就是要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)重(zhong)點支持(chi)糧(liang)食(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)化生產。怎樣才能端牢飯碗?怎樣保障國家糧(liang)食(shi)(shi)安全(quan)?韓長賦認為,一(yi)方面,要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)嚴守(shou)耕地紅線,確保農地農用;另(ling)一(yi)方面,要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)提(ti)高種(zhong)糧(liang)效益,保護和調動農民種(zhong)糧(liang)積極性(xing)。種(zhong)糧(liang)效益怎么提(ti)高?既(ji)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)靠政策、靠科技、靠投入,也要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)靠適度(du)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)經(jing)營,提(ti)高比較效益。要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)采取扶(fu)持(chi)措施,鼓(gu)勵(li)(li)和引導流轉土地種(zhong)糧(liang)食(shi)(shi),重(zhong)點支持(chi)發(fa)展(zhan)糧(liang)食(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)化生產。
鏈 接
工商企業租地“非農化”較突出
近年來我國農村土地(di)流(liu)轉呈加(jia)快趨(qu)勢。截至2014年6月底,全(quan)國家庭承(cheng)包經營(ying)耕(geng)地(di)流(liu)轉面(mian)積3.8億畝,占家庭承(cheng)包耕(geng)地(di)總面(mian)積的28.8%。對于社會關注的工商資(zi)本流(liu)轉土地(di)情況,農業部的數據顯示,到2014年6月底,流(liu)入企(qi)業的承(cheng)包地(di)面(mian)積已達(da)到3864.7萬(wan)畝,呈逐(zhu)年上升趨(qu)勢。
從總(zong)體上看,我國農村土地流(liu)轉平穩健(jian)康,但也存在一(yi)些需要重視的問(wen)題。比(bi)(bi)如,有的地方強行推(tui)動土地流(liu)轉,片面(mian)追求流(liu)轉規(gui)模,侵害了農民合法權益;有的地方土地流(liu)轉市場不健(jian)全(quan),服務水平有待提高;有的工商企業長時(shi)間、大面(mian)積租賃農戶承(cheng)包地,“非糧化”“非農化”問(wen)題比(bi)(bi)較突出。