農業(ye)部(bu)發布(bu)了《全國耕(geng)地質量等級情況公報》，這是我國首(shou)次將(jiang)耕(geng)地分等定級。

根據《公(gong)報》，全(quan)國(guo)(guo)18.26億(yi)畝耕地（第二次(ci)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)土(tu)地調查前(qian)的國(guo)(guo)土(tu)數據）質量等級(ji)由高到低依次(ci)劃分(fen)為一至十等。

農業部種植(zhi)業管(guan)理(li)司司長(chang)曾衍德介紹，為摸清(qing)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)家底，農業部2002年(nian)即在全國啟(qi)動了耕地地力(li)調查(cha)和(he)質量(liang)評價工(gong)作。經過多(duo)年(nian)數據積累(lei)，2013年(nian)—2014年(nian)組織專家從耕地的立地條件(jian)、耕層(ceng)理(li)化(hua)性狀(zhuang)、土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)管(guan)理(li)、土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)剖面性狀(zhuang)等(deng)多(duo)方面進(jin)行分析，劃分出(chu)一至(zhi)十等(deng)級(ji)耕地的數量(liang)及分布。

根(gen)據(ju)《公(gong)報(bao)》，評價為一等至(zhi)三等的(de)耕地(di)(di)(di)面積(ji)為4.98億畝，占(zhan)耕地(di)(di)(di)總面積(ji)的(de)27.3%。這部分(fen)耕地(di)(di)(di)基(ji)礎地(di)(di)(di)力較高(gao)，基(ji)本不存在障礙因素，應按(an)照用(yong)養結合方式開展農業生產，確保耕地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)量穩中有升。

評價為四至六等的耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)面積為8.18億畝，占耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)總面積的44.8%。這(zhe)部分耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)所處環(huan)境氣(qi)候條(tiao)件基(ji)本適宜，農田基(ji)礎設施建設具備一定(ding)基(ji)礎，增產潛力(li)最大。預計(ji)到2020年，按照耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)基(ji)礎地(di)(di)力(li)平均提高1個等級(ji)測(ce)算，這(zhe)部分耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)可(ke)實(shi)現新增糧(liang)食綜(zong)合(he)生產能力(li)1600億斤以上。

評價為(wei)七(qi)至十等的耕地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)5.10億畝(mu)，占耕地(di)(di)(di)總面(mian)積(ji)的27.9%。這部分耕地(di)(di)(di)基(ji)礎(chu)地(di)(di)(di)力相對較(jiao)差，生產障礙因素(su)突(tu)出，短時間(jian)內較(jiao)難(nan)得到根本改善，應(ying)持續(xu)開展農田基(ji)礎(chu)設施(shi)和耕地(di)(di)(di)內在質(zhi)量建設。

我國(guo)耕地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)量當前(qian)存(cun)在哪些問題？農(nong)(nong)業部耕地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)量建設與管理專家指(zhi)導組徐(xu)明(ming)崗(gang)研究(jiu)員說：“這些年來，我國(guo)農(nong)(nong)業生產一直堅(jian)持高(gao)投入、高(gao)產出(chu)模式，耕地(di)(di)(di)長期高(gao)強(qiang)度、超負荷(he)利用(yong)，耕地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)量呈(cheng)現(xian)出(chu)‘三(san)大’‘三(san)低’態(tai)勢。”

其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，“三大(da)”指中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)低(di)產田(tian)比例(li)大(da)、耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)質量(liang)退化面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)大(da)、污染耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)大(da)。我國現有(you)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)低(di)產田(tian)占耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)70%。粗放的(de)(de)(de)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)作方式，特別是化肥(fei)過量(liang)施用造成耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)退化，目前我國耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)退化面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)占耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)40%以上，南方土(tu)壤酸化，華(hua)北(bei)平原(yuan)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)層(ceng)變淺，西北(bei)地(di)區(qu)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)鹽漬化、沙化問題也(ye)很突出(chu)；全國耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)土(tu)壤點(dian)位污染超標率達到19.4%，南方地(di)表(biao)水富(fu)營養化和(he)北(bei)方地(di)下(xia)水硝酸鹽污染，西北(bei)等(deng)地(di)農膜殘留(liu)較多。

“三低”指的是(shi)有機質含量低、補充耕(geng)地(di)等級(ji)低、基礎(chu)地(di)力低。在很長(chang)一(yi)段時間(jian)，我(wo)國建設用地(di)所謂“占補平(ping)衡”指的只是(shi)數量的平(ping)衡。專家介(jie)紹，一(yi)般來講，補充耕(geng)地(di)與被(bei)占耕(geng)地(di)地(di)力也要相差2—3個等級(ji)，其中1個等級(ji)就相當于每畝地(di)100公斤的產(chan)能。