休耕不是讓土地荒蕪,而(er)是采取保(bao)護性措施,從(cong)根本上(shang)提升我國耕地地力水平,加強耕地質量保(bao)護,促(cu)進農業可(ke)持續發展。
近(jin)日,農業(ye)部(bu)(bu)會(hui)同(tong)中(zhong)央農辦、發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)改革委、財政部(bu)(bu)、國土資(zi)(zi)源部(bu)(bu)等(deng)部(bu)(bu)門印發(fa)(fa)了《探(tan)索實(shi)(shi)行(xing)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地輪(lun)作(zuo)休(xiu)(xiu)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)制度試(shi)點方案(an)》,提出在部(bu)(bu)分(fen)地區探(tan)索實(shi)(shi)行(xing)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地輪(lun)作(zuo)休(xiu)(xiu)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)制度試(shi)點,力(li)爭用(yong)3—5年時間(jian),初(chu)步建立(li)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地輪(lun)作(zuo)休(xiu)(xiu)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)組織方式(shi)和政策體系(xi)。這(zhe)是中(zhong)央確定的重大改革任(ren)務(wu),也是我國主動(dong)應對生(sheng)態資(zi)(zi)源壓力(li)、轉(zhuan)變農業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)方式(shi)、促進可持(chi)續發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的重要(yao)舉(ju)措(cuo)。
近年來,我國(guo)(guo)糧食連(lian)年增產,農業(ye)穩(wen)定發展,但長期粗(cu)放的(de)(de)農業(ye)發展方式也讓(rang)我國(guo)(guo)面臨著資源(yuan)(yuan)環境的(de)(de)多重挑戰。農業(ye)資源(yuan)(yuan)過(guo)度開發、農業(ye)投入品過(guo)量使用(yong)、地下水超采以及農業(ye)內外源(yuan)(yuan)污染相互疊加等帶來的(de)(de)一系列問題(ti)日益凸顯,這讓(rang)生態(tai)修復治理成為農業(ye)可持續發展的(de)(de)必然選擇。
農(nong)業(ye)以土(tu)而立。對(dui)農(nong)業(ye)的生態修復而言,耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)保護是最關鍵的部(bu)分。由(you)于人(ren)多地(di)(di)(di)(di)少,資(zi)(zi)源稟賦不足,我國對(dui)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)、水等資(zi)(zi)源要素的長(chang)期超(chao)強(qiang)度利用(yong),大大消耗了耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的生命力(li)。目(mu)前,我國大部(bu)分地(di)(di)(di)(di)區糧食生產(chan)一年兩熟,南方多地(di)(di)(di)(di)一年三熟,土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)長(chang)期高負(fu)荷運轉,影(ying)響了糧食持(chi)續(xu)穩產(chan)高產(chan)。此(ci)外,耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)退(tui)化和污染現象也逐年擴大,東北(bei)平原耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)“隱性流失(shi)”加劇,原本富含(han)有(you)機質的黑土(tu)層越來越薄。讓不堪重負(fu)的耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)休(xiu)養(yang)(yang)生息(xi),用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)養(yang)(yang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)相結(jie)合,在部(bu)分地(di)(di)(di)(di)區推進耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)休(xiu)耕(geng)(geng)輪作勢(shi)在必行。
當前推(tui)進耕地輪作休耕,時機比較成(cheng)熟。現(xian)階(jie)段國(guo)內(nei)外糧(liang)食(shi)供給充裕(yu),國(guo)內(nei)糧(liang)食(shi)倉儲日(ri)益吃緊,糧(liang)食(shi)收(shou)儲財(cai)政壓(ya)力增大,利(li)用這一時機推(tui)進耕地輪作休耕,不僅能夠保護(hu)耕地資源(yuan)、鞏固(gu)提升糧(liang)食(shi)產(chan)能、促(cu)進農業可持續發(fa)展,還(huan)有利(li)于平衡糧(liang)食(shi)供求矛盾、穩定農民收(shou)入、減輕財(cai)政壓(ya)力。
從技(ji)術(shu)上(shang)講,我國有著悠久(jiu)的(de)輪作(zuo)種(zhong)植傳統。最早的(de)農書《齊民要術(shu)》中(zhong)就提(ti)到(dao)了作(zuo)物輪作(zuo)的(de)必要性(xing)(xing)。輪作(zuo)是(shi)順應自然(ran)規(gui)律的(de)選擇,可以調節土壤(rang)理化性(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)、改良(liang)土壤(rang)生態;休耕則能通過用(yong)地(di)養地(di)相結合,保護和(he)提(ti)升地(di)力,增強(qiang)糧(liang)食和(he)農業發展后勁,從而實現(xian)真正的(de)“藏糧(liang)于(yu)地(di)”。此外,耕地(di)輪作(zuo)休耕,也有利于(yu)我國推進(jin)農業供給(gei)側結構性(xing)(xing)改革,調整優化種(zhong)植結構,增加緊缺農產品供給(gei),滿足多元化消費需(xu)求(qiu),全(quan)面提(ti)升農業供給(gei)體系(xi)的(de)質量(liang)和(he)效率(lv)。
但(dan)是,推進耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地輪(lun)作(zuo)(zuo)休(xiu)(xiu)耕(geng)(geng)(geng),事關13億多人的吃(chi)飯(fan)問題,必須審慎對待。如(ru)何讓(rang)(rang)試點不走(zou)樣、讓(rang)(rang)好的政策(ce)設計真正(zheng)落到實處?要(yao)(yao)正(zheng)確認識耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地輪(lun)作(zuo)(zuo)休(xiu)(xiu)耕(geng)(geng)(geng),需要(yao)(yao)明確幾個原則。首要(yao)(yao)原則就(jiu)是“鞏固提(ti)(ti)升產能,保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)糧(liang)食安(an)全”。開展這項試點,要(yao)(yao)以保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)國家糧(liang)食安(an)全和不影響農(nong)(nong)民收(shou)入為(wei)前提(ti)(ti),休(xiu)(xiu)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)不能減少(shao)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地、搞非農(nong)(nong)化、削弱(ruo)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)綜(zong)合生產能力(li),確保(bao)(bao)(bao)急用之時糧(liang)食能夠產得出、供得上。休(xiu)(xiu)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)不是讓(rang)(rang)土地荒蕪(wu),而(er)是采取保(bao)(bao)(bao)護性措施,要(yao)(yao)堅守耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地保(bao)(bao)(bao)護紅(hong)線,提(ti)(ti)升耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地質量,確保(bao)(bao)(bao)谷物基本自給、口糧(liang)絕對安(an)全。
其次(ci),要(yao)充分尊重農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)意愿,不(bu)能讓農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)利益受損(sun)失。這(zhe)次(ci)試(shi)點,強(qiang)化(hua)了政(zheng)策扶(fu)持,建立了利益補償機制(zhi),對(dui)承擔輪作(zuo)休耕(geng)任務的(de)農(nong)(nong)戶給予(yu)必要(yao)補助,確(que)保不(bu)影響(xiang)試(shi)點農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)收入。同時(shi)鼓勵農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)以市場為導向,調整優(you)化(hua)種植結(jie)構,拓(tuo)寬就(jiu)業增收渠道。根據各(ge)地區的(de)實際情況,發揮(hui)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)主(zhu)觀能動(dong)性(xing),不(bu)搞(gao)強(qiang)迫命(ming)令、不(bu)搞(gao)一刀切(qie)。
推進耕地輪作休(xiu)耕,除了試(shi)點(dian)的(de)(de)600多萬畝(mu)耕地,我們(men)的(de)(de)目光還應投射(she)到更廣袤的(de)(de)田野上(shang)(shang)。只有從(cong)根本(ben)上(shang)(shang)提升我國耕地地力水平,加強耕地質量保護,加快(kuai)建設高標準農(nong)田,真(zhen)正實施“藏糧于地”“藏糧于技”戰(zhan)略,才(cai)能促進農(nong)業的(de)(de)可持續發展。