現在農(nong)業(ye)都在轉型,轉型里(li)面(mian)非(fei)常(chang)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)行動(dong)就是化(hua)(hua)肥減施。我(wo)常(chang)說(shuo),沒有(you)(you)(you)化(hua)(hua)肥是絕對(dui)不行的(de)(de),千萬不要(yao)(yao)宣揚說(shuo)要(yao)(yao)消滅化(hua)(hua)肥,如果(guo)沒有(you)(you)(you)化(hua)(hua)肥我(wo)們將有(you)(you)(you)一半人是要(yao)(yao)挨餓(e)的(de)(de),這是無(wu)需(xu)討論的(de)(de)問題(ti)。
化肥(fei)為(wei)什么要(yao)減(jian)施(shi)(shi),我們(men)在(zai)江蘇做過(guo)一個(ge)(ge)調查,50%的(de)(de)農(nong)戶(hu)過(guo)量(liang)(liang)施(shi)(shi)氮(dan)肥(fei),施(shi)(shi)氮(dan)肥(fei)合理的(de)(de)農(nong)戶(hu)占33%,施(shi)(shi)氮(dan)肥(fei)不(bu)足的(de)(de)17%。減(jian)肥(fei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一個(ge)(ge)很宏觀的(de)(de)概念,不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)每塊地、每個(ge)(ge)農(nong)戶(hu)、每種作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)都要(yao)減(jian)肥(fei),而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)總(zong)量(liang)(liang)要(yao)減(jian),要(yao)根據(ju)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)、土壤的(de)(de)具體(ti)情(qing)況來確定(ding)如何減(jian)。現在(zai)農(nong)田氮(dan)肥(fei)投入量(liang)(liang)大(da)概是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)吸收量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)2倍多,總(zong)量(liang)(liang)確實(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)超的(de)(de),但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)同(tong)區域之間(jian)的(de)(de)差異非常大(da),可能這個(ge)(ge)地方用肥(fei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)過(guo)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de),其他(ta)地區則(ze)不(bu)見得夠。過(guo)量(liang)(liang)施(shi)(shi)氮(dan)肥(fei)可以造(zao)成作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)倒(dao)伏、病蟲(chong)害增多、農(nong)產品品質(zhi)下降等,所以不(bu)減(jian)肥(fei)肯(ken)定(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)行(xing)的(de)(de)。
但(dan)是怎樣才能(neng)做到減(jian)(jian)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)不(bu)減(jian)(jian)產呢?這(zhe)就(jiu)需(xu)要用(yong)好各種(zhong)來源的(de)養分(fen)(fen)資源,控制總量(liang),節約化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei);分(fen)(fen)期施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),把(ba)有(you)(you)(you)限(xian)的(de)化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)在作(zuo)物最需(xu)要的(de)時(shi)(shi)候。上世紀80年(nian)(nian)代,一畝地施(shi)10公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),當時(shi)(shi)土壤(rang)里面殘(can)留氮2公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),環境來源氮(大(da)(da)(da)氣+水體)1公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),總計是13公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin);而當前每(mei)畝施(shi)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)30公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),土壤(rang)里面殘(can)留13公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),大(da)(da)(da)氣、水體里面還帶了6公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),加起來就(jiu)49公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin);而作(zuo)物最多(duo)需(xu)20公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)~30公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),49公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)不(bu)就(jiu)多(duo)了嗎?所以把(ba)土壤(rang)和環境里的(de)19公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)養分(fen)(fen)扣(kou)除后,施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)減(jian)(jian)少20%都不(bu)會(hui)有(you)(you)(you)影響。因為過去20多(duo)年(nian)(nian)我們大(da)(da)(da)量(liang)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),土壤(rang)中殘(can)留了很多(duo),地表(biao)水里面有(you)(you)(you)養分(fen)(fen),天上下的(de)雨也有(you)(you)(you)養分(fen)(fen),這(zhe)就(jiu)是我們減(jian)(jian)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)主要原理。我們做了大(da)(da)(da)量(liang)研究(jiu),你把(ba)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料減(jian)(jian)下來20%,不(bu)但(dan)不(bu)減(jian)(jian)產,反而會(hui)增產7%~8%。
最好的技(ji)術(shu)就(jiu)是(shi)能(neng)夠減肥增(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)(chan)(chan),而且是(shi)綠色(se)的增(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)增(zeng)(zeng)效模式。技(ji)術(shu)要點就(jiu)是(shi):管好作(zuo)物(wu)提高(gao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang),管好養分提高(gao)效率。我們在山東麥田里(li)(li)做(zuo)實驗(yan),把配方肥里(li)(li)面的氮肥減少(shao)了(le)(le)20%,增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)了(le)(le)鉀和鋅,成本(ben)幾乎沒(mei)有增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia),但是(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)了(le)(le)16%。所以減肥不(bu)但不(bu)會減產(chan)(chan)(chan),還可能(neng)會顯(xian)著增(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)(chan)(chan),這在經濟作(zuo)物(wu)上的效果(guo)更(geng)好。我們在陜西洛川(chuan)做(zuo)蘋果(guo)的實驗(yan),減了(le)(le)20%的氮肥,結果(guo)卻增(zeng)(zeng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)18%,增(zeng)(zeng)收(shou)40%,效果(guo)非(fei)常明顯(xian)。